Nobel Prizes in Chemistry (1961-2011)

1961-1970

1961	Melvin Calvin 1911 - 1997	"for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants"
1962	Max F. Perutz 1914 - 2002 John C. Kendrew 1917 - 1997	"for their studies of the structures of globular proteins"
1963	Karl Ziegler 1898 - 1973 Giulio Natta 1903 - 1979	"for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers"
1964	Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin 1910 - 1994	"for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances"
1965	Robert B. Woodward 1917 - 1979	"for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis"
1966	Robert S. Mulliken 1896 - 1986	"for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method"
1967	Manfred Eigen 1927 - Ronald Norrish 1891 - 1987 George Porter 1904 - 1971	"for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equlibrium by means of very short pulses of energy" NB : One half of the prize was awarded to Eigen and the other half jointly to Norrish and Porter.
1968	Lars Onsager 1903 - 1976	"for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes"
1969	Derek H. R. Barton 1918 - 1998 Odd Hassel 1897 - 1981	"for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry"
1970 top	Luis F. Leloir 1906 - 1987	"for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates"

1971-1980

1971	Gerhard Herzberg 1904 - 1999	"for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals"
1972	Christian B. Anfinsen 1 1916 - 1995 Stanford Moore 2 1913 - 1982 William H. Stein 2 1911 - 1980	1 "for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation" 2 "for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule" NB : One half of the prize was awarded to Anfinsen and the other half jointly to Moore and Stein.
1973	Ernst Otto Fischer 1918 - 2007 Geoffrey Wilkinson 1921 - 1996	"for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds"
1974	Paul J. Flory 1910 - 1985	"for his fundamental achievements, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of the macromolecules"
1975	John W. Cornforth 1 1917 - Vladimir Prelog 2 1906 - 1998	1 "for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions" 2 "for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions"
1976	William Lipscomb 1919 -	"for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding"
1977	Ilya Prigogine 1917 - 2003	"for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures"
1978	Peter D. Mitchell 1920 - 1992	"for his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory"
1979	Herbert C. Brown 1912 - 2004 Georg Wittig 1897 - 1987	"for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis"
1980 top	Paul Berg 1 1916 - 1995 W. Gilbert 2 1913 - 1982 F. Sanger 2 1911 - 1980	1 "for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA" 2 "for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids" NB : One half of the prize was awarded to Berg and the other half jointly to Gilbert and Sanger (first Nobel prize in 1958).

1981-1990

1981	Kenichi Fukui 1918 - 1998 Roald Hoffmann 1937 -	"for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions"
1982	Aaron Klug 1926 -	"for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes"
1983	Henry Taube 1915 - 2005	"for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes"
1984	Robert Bruce Merrifield 1921 - 2006	"for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix"
1985	Herbert A. Hauptman 1918 - 1998 Jerome Karle 1937 -	"for their outstanding achievements in the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures"
1986	Dudley R. Herschbach 1932 -   Yuan Tseh Lee 1936 - John C. Polanyi 1929 -	"for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes" NB : The prize was awarded jointly, one third to each of them.
1987	Donald J. Cram 1919 - 2001 Jean-Marie Lehn 1939 - Charles J. Pedersen 1904 - 1989	"for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity" NB : The prize was awarded jointly, one third to each of them.
1988	J. Deisenhofer 1943 - Robert Huber 1937 - Hartmut Michel 1948 -	"for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre" NB : The prize was awarded jointly, one third to each of them.
1989	Sidney Altman 1939 -   Thomas R. Cech 1947 -	"for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA"
1990 top	Elias James Corey 1928 -	"for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis"

1991-2000

1991	Richard R. Ernst 1933 -	"for his contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy"
1992	Rudolph A. Marcus 1923 -	"for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems"
1993	Kary B. Mullis 1 1944 - Michael Smith 2 1932 - 2000	"for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry" 1 "for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method" 2 "for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies"
1994	George A. Olah 1927 -	"for his contribution to carbocation chemistry"
1995	Paul J. Crutzen 1933 - Mario José Molina 1943 - - F. Sherwood Rowland 1927 -	"for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone" NB : The prize was awarded jointly, one third to each of them.
1996	Robert F. Curl Jr. 1933 - Harold W. Kroto 1939 - Richard E. Smalley 1943 - 2005	"for their discovery of fullerenes" NB : The prize was awarded jointly, one third to each of them.
1997	Jens C. Skou 1 1918 - Paul D. Boyer 2 1918 - John Walker 2 1941 -	1 "for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+ -ATPase" 2 pour leur élucidation du mécanisme enzymatique de la synthèse de l'adénosine triphosphate NB : One half of the prize was awarded to Skou and the other half jointly to Boyer and Walker.
1998	Walter Kohn 1 1923 - John A. Pople 2 1925 - 2004	1 "for his development of the density-functional theory" 2 "for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry"
1999	Ahmed H. Zewail 1946 -	"for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy"
2000 top	Alan J. Heeger 1936 - Alan G. MacDiarmid 1927 - 2007   Hideki Shirakawa 1936 -	"for the discovery and development of conductive polymers" NB : The prize was awarded jointly, one third to each of them.

2001-2011

2001	K. Barry Sharpless 1 1941 - Ryoji Noyori 2 1938 - William S. Knowles 2 1917 -	1 "for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions" 2 "for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions" NB : One half of the prize was awarded to Sharpless and the other half jointly to Noyori and Knowlesa.
2002	Kurt Wüthrich 1 1938 - John B. Fenn 2 1917 - Koichi Tanaka 2 1959 -	"for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules" 1 "for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution" 2 "for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules" NB : One half of the prize was awarded to Wüthrich and the other half jointly to Fenn and Tanaka.
2003	Peter Agre 1 1949 - Roderick MacKinnon 2 1956 -	"for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes" 1 "for the discovery of water channels" 2 "for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels"
2004	Aaron Ciechanover 1947 - Avram Hershko 1937 - Irwin Rose 1926 -	"for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation" NB : The prize was awarded jointly, one third to each of them.
2005	Yves Chauvin 1930 - Robert H. Grubbs 1942 - Richard R. Schrock 1945 -	"for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis" NB : The prize was awarded jointly, one third to each of them.
2006	Roger D. Kornberg 1947 -	"for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription"
2007	Gerhard Ertl 1936 -	"for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces" NB : Ertl, who won the prize on his 71st birthday, told reporters that it "is the best birthday present that you can give to somebody."
2008	Osamu Shimomura 1928 - Martin Chalfie 1947 - Roger Y. Tsien 1952 -	for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) NB : The prize was awarded jointly, one third to each of them.
2009	Venkatraman Ramakrishnan 1952 (Inde) - Thomas Steitz 1940 - Ada Yonath 1939 -	for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome NB : The prize was awarded jointly, one third to each of them.
2010	Ei-ichi Negishi 1935 - Akira Suzuki 1930 - Richard Heck 1931 -	This year's Nobel Prize in Chemistry is awarded to Richard F. Heck, Ei-ichi Negishi and Akira Suzuki for the development of palladium-catalyzed cross coupling. This chemical tool has vastly improved the possibilities for chemists to create sophisticated chemicals, for example carbon-based molecules as complex as those created by nature itself. NB : The prize was awarded jointly, one third to each of them.
2011 top	Daniel Shechtman 1941 -	"for the discovery of quasicrystals". He will get the 10 million-kronor ($1.4 million) award.